Linux

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Linux is apparently like an onion. It has layers (levels)!


These levels are:

  • The hardware level: down at the floor/base
  • The kernel: our core of the OS that is the taskmaster of the operation
    • Kernel to CPU: If you could get that done, that would be great.....
  • User processes: where the running programs that kernel manages are.
    • AKA user space
    • My buddies, the web servers, run as these.

What is the difference between user processes and kernel processes?
So glad you asked! The user processes run in the user mode and kernel processes -- you guessed it -- in kernel mode. Kernel mode allows running code unrestricted access to the CPU and main memory.

User mode is limited for memory and in CPU operations to prevalent devastating consequences. If there is a crash for the process, the kernel just does cleanup. All dependent, of course, on the permissions of the process.

Kernel threads = similar to processes but cool kids that can access the kernel space.

Both running kernel and processes reside in main memory.

The Super Busy Kernel
The kernel does a lot of things such as:
  • Makes executive decision on which processes have permissions to use CPU.
  • Keeps track of all memory: what is allocated where, what is free to use, what is shared between processes
  • Intermediary between hardware (disks, etc) and processes. It's the train conductor of hardware (I think).

If a process wants to speak with the kernel, it speaks in system calls -- (the language of love for the kernel??).

The Slight Lies
Did you know that processes run simultaneously (quote,unquote), but not at the same time? Only one process can use the CPU at a time. The processes may get a fraction of a second of time with the CPU then another process gets a turn then another (AKA context switching -- aren't we all doing that?).

The amount of time (time slice) is so small that it gives that appearance of multitasking.
The kernel handles the context switching.

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